Published 2026-09-21
Keywords
- Asia,
- Bearing Witness,
- Buddhism,
- Waste Ethnography,
- Waste Imaginaries
- Waste Materialities ...More
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2026 Brox Trine

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Any attempt to address the global waste crisis requires an understanding of waste as both a material reality and a social construct embedded in power relations, social hierarchies, infrastructures and beliefs. As the waste ethnographies in this issue illustrate, ethnography can add important perspectives on waste by exploring how waste is experienced, imagined and materially enacted in particular times and places, rather than treating it as a fixed and self-evident category. This introduction reflects on the affordances and limitations of waste ethnographies. It discusses the ambiguities of waste, how waste ethnographies can enrich our understanding of the material and imaginary entanglements that give rise to specific waste practices, and what it means to be an ethnographer of waste who witnesses and problematises what they see. It also highlights the portability and broader significance of waste and discard studies concepts and frameworks, which can open new perspectives on religious, cultural and social phenomena that might otherwise be overlooked.
References
- Abrahms-Kavunenko, S. 2022. ‘Zombie rubbish and mummy materiality: The undead and the fate of Mongolian waste’. In T. Brox and E. Williams-Oerberg (eds), Buddhism and Waste: The Excess, Discard, and Afterlife of Buddhist Consumption, pp. 145–16. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Crossref
- Abrahms-Kavunenko, S. 2025. ‘Anthropocene ouroboros: Shimmying plastics and the contamination of time’. Worldwide Waste 8 (1): 1–10. Crossref
- Alexander, C. 2016. ‘When waste disappears, or more waste please’. RCC Perspectives 1 (3): 1–40. Crossref
- Alexander, C. and P. O’Hare. 2023. ‘Waste and its disguises: Technologies of (un)knowing’. Ethnos 88 (3): 419–443. Crossref
- Alexander, C. and J. Reno. 2012. Economies of Recycling: The Global Transformations of Materials, Values and Social Relations. New York: Zed Books. Crossref
- Allison, E. 2014. ‘Waste and worldviews: Garbage and pollution challenges in Bhutan’. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 8 (4): 405–28.
- Allison, E. 2019. ‘The reincarnation of waste: A case study of spiritual ecology activism for household solid waste management: The Samdrup Jongkhar initiative of rural Bhutan’. Religions 10 (514): 1–19.
- Allon, F.R., R. Barcan and K. Eddison-Cogan (eds). 2021. The Temporalities of Waste: Out of Sight, Out of Time. Abingdon: Routledge. Crossref
- Bauman, Z. 2014. Wasted Lives: Modernity and its Outcasts. Cambridge: Wiley.
- Bell, L. 2019. ‘Place, people and processes in waste theory: a Global South critique’. Cultural Studies 33 (1): 98–121. Crossref
- Borup, J. 2025. ‘Temple death and revitalization: Managing religious waste and excess’. Journal of Religion in Japan 14 (1): 1–32. Crossref
- Borup, J. 2026. ‘Ritualising waste, disposal and afterlife in Japanese Buddhism’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9: 67–80. Crossref
- Brox, T. 2022a. ‘A framework for studying Buddhism and waste’. In T. Brox and E. Williams-Oerberg (eds), Buddhism and Waste: The Excess, Discard, and Afterlife of Buddhist Consumption, pp. 1–30. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Crossref
- Brox, T. 2022b. ‘Plastic skinscapes in Tibetan Buddhism’. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 40 (1): 91–114. Crossref
- Brox, T. 2023. ‘Tibetan Buddhism in the age of waste’. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 91 (4): 820–35. Crossref
- Brox, T. 2025. ‘The afterlives of Tibetan Buddhist material objects’. In E. Martin, T. Brox and D. Lange (eds), Among Tibetan Materialities: Materials and Material cultures of Tibet and the Himalayas, pp. 93–112. Heidelberg: Universität Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing. Crossref
- Brox, T. and Tenzin Passang. 2026. ‘When to waste: Timing and discarding in the Indian Himalayas’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9 :53–66. Crossref
- Butt, W. 2023. Life Beyond Waste: Work and Infrastructure in Urban Pakistan. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Crossref
- Chophel, D. 2026. ‘Between value and waste: An ethnography of language, classification and Buddhist modernity in a Bhutanese village’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9: 26–39. Crossref
- Corvellec, H. 2013. ‘Recycling food waste into biogas, or how management transforms overflows into flows’. In B. Czarniawska and O. Löfgren (eds), Coping with Excess: How Organizations, Communities and Individuals Manage Overflows, pp. 154–72. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Crossref
- de Coverly, E., P. McDonagh, L. O’Malley and M. Patterson. 2008. ‘Hidden mountain: The social avoidance of waste. Journal of Macromarketing 28 (3): 289–303. Crossref
- Davies, T. 2022. ‘Slow violence and toxic geographies: “Out of sight” to whom?’ Environment and Planning. C, Politics and Space 40 (2): 409–27. Crossref
- Demaria, F. 2023. The Political Ecology of Informal Waste Recyclers in India: Circular Economy, Green Jobs, and Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crossref
- Dey, T. and M. Michael. 2021. ‘Plastic possibilities: Contrasting the uses of plastic “waste” in India’. Anthropology Today 37 (3): 11–15. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12652.
- Doherty, J. 2022. Waste Worlds: Inhabiting Kampala’s Infrastructures of Disposability. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. Crossref
- Doron, A. and R. Jeffrey. 2018. Waste of a Nation: Garbage and Growth in India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Crossref
- Douglas, M. 2002 [1966]. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
- Eitel, K. 2022. ‘Reshuffling responsibility: Waste, environmental justice and urban citizenship in Cambodia’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5 (1): 1–13. Crossref
- Gidwani, V. 2015. ‘The work of waste: Inside India’s infra-economy’. Transactions 40 (4): 575–95. Crossref
- Gidwani, V. and R.N. Reddy. 2011. ‘The afterlives of “waste”: Notes from India for a minor history of capitalist surplus’. Antipode 43 (5): 1625–58. Crossref
- Gill, K. 2009. Of Poverty and Plastic: Scavenging and Scrap Trading Entrepreneurs in India’s Urban Informal Economy. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Crossref
- Gille, Z. 2007. From the Cult of Waste to the Trash Heap of History: The Politics of Waste in Socialist and Post-Socialist Hungary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Crossref
- Goldstein, J. 2021. Remains of the Everyday: A Century of Recycling in Beijing. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
- Gordillo, G.R. 2014. Rubble: The Afterlife of Destruction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Crossref
- Gould, H. 2019. ‘Caring for sacred waste: Caring for Butsudan (Buddhist altars) in contemporary Japan’. Japanese Religions 43 (1–2): 197–220.
- Gregson, N. and M. Crang. 2015. ‘From waste to resource: The trade in wastes and global recycling economies’. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40 (1): 151–76. Crossref
- Hage, G. (ed.). 2021. Decay. Durham: Duke University Press. Crossref
- Hawkins, G. 2006. The Ethics of Waste: How We Relate to Rubbish. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Hawkins, G. 2013. ‘Made to be wasted: PET and topologies of disposability’. In J. Gabrys, G. Hawkins and M. Michael (eds), Accumulation: The Material Politics of Plastic, pp. 49–67. New York: Routledge.
- Hawkins, G. and S. Muecke. 2002. ‘Introduction: Cultural economies of waste’. In G. Hawkins and S. Muecke (eds), Culture and Waste: The Creation and Destruction of Value, pp. 9–17. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Hetherington, K. 2004. ‘Secondhandedness, consumption, disposal, and absent-presence’. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22 (1): 157–73. Crossref
- Hird, M.J. 2013. ‘Waste, landfills, and an environmental ethic of vulnerability’. Ethics and the Environment 18 (1): 105–24. Crossref
- Holmes-Tagchungdarpa, A. 2022. ‘Reincarnating sacred objects: The recycling of generative efficacy and question of waste in Tibetan and Himalayan Buddhist material cultures’. In T. Brox and E. Williams-Oerberg (eds), Buddhism and Waste: The Excess, Discard, and Afterlife of Buddhist Consumption, pp. 125–44. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Crossref
- Holmes-Tagchungdarpa, A. 2023. ‘Preserving offerings, prolonging merit: Efficacy, skillful means, and re-purposing in plastic Buddhist material culture in contemporary Sikkim’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6 (1): 1–11. Crossref
- Humbert, S. 2025. Body Dust: Menstrual Waste Among the Newar in Sankhu, Nepal’. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Copenhagen.
- Kaza, S., L.C. Yao, P. Bhada-Tata and F. Van Woerden. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Washington DC: World Bank. Crossref
- Kolata, P. 2022. ‘Heritage out of control: Buddhist material excess in depopulating Japan’. Allegra Lab, January. https://allegralaboratory.net/heritage-out-of-control-buddhist-material-excess-in-depopulating-japan/ (accessed 27 August 2025).
- Lepawsky, J. 2018. Reassembling Rubbish: Worlding Electronic Waste. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Crossref
- Lepawsky, J. and M. Billah. 2011. ‘Making chains that (un)make things: Waste-value relations and the Bangladeshi rubbish electronics industry’. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 93 (2): 121–39. Crossref
- Liboiron, M. and J. Lepawsky. 2022. Discard Studies: Wasting, Systems, and Power. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Crossref
- Little, P.C. 2025. ‘Engaging anthropology at the global waste-discard-toxicity nexus’. Human Organization 84 (2): 125–30.
- Lynch, K. 1990. Wasting Away. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
- Melosi, M.V. 2020. Fresh Kills: A History of Consuming and Discarding in New York City. New York: Columbia University Press. Crossref
- Millington, N. and M. Lawhon. 2019. ‘Geographies of waste: Conceptual vectors from the Global South’. Progress in Human Geography 43 (6): 1044–63. Crossref
- Moore, S.A. 2012. ‘Garbage matters: Concepts in new geographies of waste’. Progress in Human Geography 36 (6): 780–99. Crossref
- Nguyen, M.T.N. 2018. Waste and Wealth: An Ethnography of Labor, Value, and Morality in a Vietnamese Recycling Economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Putri, R.L. and F. Colombijn. 2025. ‘Debilitating domestic duties: Precariousness of female waste pickers in Indonesia’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8 (1): 1–14. Crossref
- Rathore, G.J.S. 2020. ‘Circulating waste, circulating bodies? A critical review of E-waste trade’. Geoforum 110: 180–82. Crossref
- Reichhardt, B. and S. Abrahms-Kavunenko. 2022. ‘Plastic purity and sacred dairy: Microbes, vitality, and standardization in Mongolian dairying.’ The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 40 (1): 66–90. Crossref
- Reno, J. 2011. ‘Managing the experience of evidence: England’s experimental waste technologies and their immodest witnesses’. Science, Technology, & Human Values 36 (6): 842–63. Crossref
- Reno, J. 2016. Waste Away: Working and Living with a North American Landfill. Oakland: University of California Press. Crossref
- Reno, J. 2018. ‘What is waste?’ Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1 (1): 1–10. Crossref
- Reno, J. O. 2019. ‘Kept in suspense: The unsettling indeterminacy of US landfills’. In C. Alexander and A. Sanchez (eds), Indeterminacy: Waste, Value, and the Imagination, pp. 31–49. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. Crossref
- Sen, N. 2018. Urban Marginalisation in South Asia: Waste Pickers in Calcutta. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge.
- Schober, E. 2019. ‘The politics of indeterminacy: Boundary dislocations around waste, value, and work in Subic Bay (Philippines)’. In C. Alexander and A. Sanchez (eds), Indeterminacy: Waste, Value, and the Imagination, pp. 161–80. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. Crossref
- Siniawer, E.M. 2018. Waste: Consuming Postwar Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Crossref
- Stamatopoulou-Robbins, S. 2020. Waste Siege: The Life of Infrastructure in Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Crossref
- Stengs, I. 2014. ‘Sacred waste’. Material Religion 10 (2): 235–38. Crossref
- Strasser, S. 2000. Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash. New York: Holt: Metropolitan.
- Thompson, M. 2017 [1979]. Rubbish Theory: The Creation and Destruction of Value. London: Pluto Press. Crossref
- Wilson, J. 2022. ‘The afterlives of butsudan: Ambivalence and the disposal of home altars in the United States and Canada’. In T. Brox and E. Williams-Oerberg (eds), Buddhism and Waste: The Excess, Discard, and Afterlife of Buddhist Consumption, pp. 75–102. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Crossref
- Wodzer, T. 2026. ‘From yak dung to plastics: Rethinking Zero Waste in a Tibetan pastoral community’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9: 40–52. Crossref
- Wu, K.M. and J. Zhang. 2019. ‘Living with waste’. China Perspectives 2: 67–74. Crossref
- Zhang, A. 2024. Circular Ecologies: Environmentalism and Waste Politics in Urban China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Crossref
- Zhang, A. 2025. ‘Spectacular technology, invisible harms: Witnessing techno-science on waste tours in China’. Science, Technology, & Human Values 50 (1): 169–96. Crossref
