Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025)
Research

Anthropocene Ouroboros: Shimmying Plastics and the Contamination of Time

Published 2025-09-15

Keywords

  • Plastics,
  • heritage,
  • microplastics,
  • time,
  • Anthropocene

How to Cite

Abrahms-Kavunenko, S. (2025). Anthropocene Ouroboros: Shimmying Plastics and the Contamination of Time. Worldwide Waste, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3197/whpww.63857928646680

Abstract

The ever-increasing abundance and expanding affordances of plastics have come to instantiate modernity through their successes and failures in usage and beyond. Materially, plastics have a capacity to stubbornly endure yet simultaneously to fracture. Grounded in ethnographic fieldwork on an Indian Ocean island, this article will explore the heritage of plastic objects in their shattering and dispersal. The novel presence and ubiquity of plastics have caused some scholars to propose that the presence of plastics could constitute a possible marker of the Anthropocene. Yet plastics won’t stay in their own epoch. Microplastics can migrate and infuse sedimentary layers from previous eras, shimmying down to earlier stratigraphic layers and complicating the very knowability of the past. This paper will look at the temporal vertiginousness of the current epoch through the recalcitrance of human-made materials, arguing that, even in their material remnants, plastics radically complicate the delineation and understanding of geological time.

References

  1. Abrahms-Kavunenko, Saskia. 2023. ‘Toward an anthropology of plastics’. Journal of Material Culture 28 (1): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591835211066808
  2. Abrahms-Kavunenko, Saskia. 2022. ‘Zombie waste, mummy materiality: The undead and the fate of Mongolian Buddhist waste’. In Trine Brox and Elizabeth Williams-Oerberg (eds), Buddhism and Waste: The Excess, Discard, and Afterlife of Buddhist Consumption. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 145–66. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350195561.0012
  3. Abrahms-Kavunenko, Saskia and Trine Brox. 2022. ‘Plastic Asia: Material ambiguities and cultural imaginaries’. Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v40i1.6554
  4. Amato-Lourenço, Luís, Regiani Carvalho-Oliveira, Gabriel Ribeiro Júnior, Luciana dos Santos Galvão, Rômulo Ando and Thais Mauad. 2021. ‘Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue’. Journal of Hazardous Materials 416: 126124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126124
  5. American Anthropological Association. 2012. Code of Ethics. https://americananthro.org/about/policies/statement-on-ethics/ (accessed 2 July 2025).
  6. Barthes, R. 1972 [1957]. Mythologies. Trans. Levers Annett. New York: Hill and Wang.
  7. Bauer, A., M. Jesús, M. Ramos, A. Lozano and A. Fernández-Alba. 2019. ‘Identification of unexpected chemical contaminants in baby food coming from plastic packaging migration by high resolution mass spectrometry’. Food Chemistry 295: 274–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.105
  8. Bauman B. 2019. ‘How plastics contribute to climate change’. Yale Climate Connections. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/08/how-plastics-contribute-to-climate-change/ (accessed 10 October 2020).
  9. Bergmann, M., F. Collard, J. Fabres, G. Gabrielsen, J. Provencher, M. Rochman, E. van Sebille and M. Tekman. 2022. ‘Plastic pollution in the Arctic’. Nature Reviews 3 (May): 323–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00279-8
  10. Bhutia, Kalang Dorjee. 2022. ‘Can pollution bring balance to the hidden land? Fibreglass interventions in the ecology of Sikkimese Cham’. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 40 (1). https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v40i1.6558
  11. Bredenbröker, Isabel. 2024a. Rest in Plastic: Death, Time and Synthetic Materials in a Ghanaian Ewe Community. New York, Oxford: Berghahn. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781805395058
  12. Bredenbröker, Isabel. 2024b. ‘“Plastic stays beautiful”: Attributing temporal and moral qualities in Ghanaian Ewe funerary contexts’. Journal of Material Culture 29 (2): 227–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591835241248342
  13. Brox, Trine. 2022. ‘Plastic skinscapes in Tibetan Buddhism’. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 40 (1). https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v40i1.6557
  14. Chao, Sophie. 2019. ‘The plastic cassowary: Problematic “pets” in West Papua’. Ethnos 85 (5): 828–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2018.1502798
  15. Chia, R.W., J.Y. Lee and H. Kim. 2021. ‘Microplastic pollution in soil and groundwater: A review’. Environmental Chemistry Letters 19: 4211–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01297-6
  16. Corcoran, Patricia L., Charles J. Moore and Kelly Jazvac. 2014. ‘An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record. GSA Today 24: 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT-G198A.1
  17. Crutzen, P.J. and E.F. Stoermer. 2000. ‘The Anthropocene’. Global Change Newsletter 41: 17–18.
  18. Cyvin, Jakob Bonnevie, Hildw Ervik, Anne Aasen Kveberg and Christina Hellevik. 2021. ‘Macroplastic in soil and peat. A case study from the remote islands of Mausund and Froan landscape conservation area, Norway; implications for coastal cleanups and biodiversity’. Science of the Total Environment 787 (147547): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147547
  19. Davis, Heather. 2022. Plastic Matter. Durham: Duke University Press.Davis, Heather. 2015. ‘Toxic progeny: The plastisphere and other queer futures’. philoSOPHIA 5 (2): 231–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/phi.2015.a608469
  20. De Wolff, Kim. 2017. ‘Plastic naturecultures: Multispecies ethnography and the dangers of separating living from nonliving bodies’. Body and Society 23 (2): 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X17715074
  21. Dimante-Deimantovica, I., S. Saarni, M. Barone, N. Buhhalko, N. Stivrins, N. Suhareva, W. Tylmann, A. Vianello and J. Vollertsen. 2024. ‘Downward migrating microplastics in lake sediments are a tricky indicator for the onset of the Anthropocene’. Science Advances 10 (8136): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi8136
  22. Edgeworth, Matthew, Phillip Gibbard, Michael Walker, Dorothy Merritts, Stanley Finney and Mark Maslin. 2023. ‘The stratigraphic basis of the Anthropocene event’. Quaternary Science Advances 11: 100088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100088
  23. Fache, Elodie, Marie Toussaint, Ahamada Saïd Djahere, Fereta Rodin Manjaka, Angela Fabiola Randrianomenjanahary and Espérant Flaubert Veriza. 2024. ‘Suivre les bidons jaunes à Toliara, ville du Sud-Ouest de Madagascar: Contribution Exploratoire au Développement d’une Écologie Globale des Plastiques’. Natures Sciences Sociétés 32 (3). https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2024051
  24. Gerhardt, Christina. 2021. ‘Plastiglomerate: Plastics, geology, and the New Materialism of the Anthropocene’. In Trish Farrelly, Sy Taffel and Ian Shaw (eds), Plastic Legacies: Pollution, Persistence and Politics. Edmonton: Au Press. pp. 103–16.
  25. Gupta-Nigam, A. 2020. ‘Plastic flowers: Overlooking resource scarcity in postwar America’. Theory, Culture and Society 37 (6): 111–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276420917468
  26. Haram, Linsey E., James T. Carlton, Gregory M. Ruiz and Nikolai A. Maximenko. 2020. ‘A Plasticene lexicon’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (110714): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110714
  27. Haraway, Donna. 2015. ‘Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making kin’. Environmental Humanities 6: 159–65. https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934
  28. Hawkins, Gay. 2018. ‘Plastic and presentism: The time of disposability’. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 5 (1): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.33291
  29. Hawkins, Gay. 2013. ‘The performativity of food packaging: Market devices, waste crisis and recycling’. The Sociological Review 69 (2): 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12038
  30. Holmes-Tagchungdarpa, Amy. 2023. ‘Preserving offerings, prolonging merit: Efficacy, skillful means, and re-purposing in plastic Buddhist material culture in contemporary Sikkim’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5334/wwwj.96
  31. Irvine, Richard. 2020. An Anthropology of Deep Time: Geological Temporality and Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108867450
  32. Klocker, N., P. Mbenna and C. Gibson. 2018. ‘From troublesome materials to fluid technologies: Making and playing with plastic-bag footballs’. Cultural Geographies 25 (2): 301–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474017732979
  33. Latkar, Aarti and Gauri Pathak. 2024. ‘Plastic pollution, public framings, and plastic burning insights from three Indian towns’. Economic and Political Weekly 59 (4): 54–60.
  34. Latour, Bruno. 2014. ‘Agency at the time of the Anthropocene’. New Literary History 45 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2014.0003
  35. Leslie, H., M. van Velzen, S. Brandsma, A. Vethaak, J. Garcia-Vallejo and M. Lamoree. 2022. ‘Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood’. Environment International 163 (107199). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199
  36. Lewis, Simon and Mark Maslin. 2015. ‘Defining the Anthropocene’. Nature 519: 171–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14258
  37. Liboiron, Max. 2016. ‘Redefining pollution and action: The matter of plastics’. Journal of Material Culture 2 (1): 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183515622966
  38. Liboiron, Max. 2018. ‘How plastic is a function of colonialism’. Teen Vogue. https:// www.teenvogue.com/story/how-plastic-is-a-function-of-colonialism (accessed 29 October 2020).
  39. McDougall, Debra. 2021. ‘Trash and treasure: Pathologies of permanence on the margins of our plastic age.’ In G. Hage (ed.) Decay. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478022039-003
  40. McKay, D. and P. Perez. 2018. ‘Plastic masculinity: How everyday objects in plastic suggest that men could be otherwise’. Journal of Material Culture 23 (2): 169–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183517742424
  41. McKay, Deirdre, Elyse Stanes, Nicole Githua, Xiaoyu Lei and Simon Dixon. 2020. ‘On global plasticity: Framing the global through affective materiality’. New Global Studies 14 (3): 307–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2020-0039
  42. Meikle J. 1995. American Plastic: A Cultural History. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press.
  43. Meiu G. 2020. ‘Panic over plastics: A matter of belonging in Kenya’. American Anthropologist 122 (2): 222–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13381
  44. Monsaingeon, Baptiste. 2017. Homo Detritus: Critique de la Société du Déchet. Paris: Seuil.
  45. Morton, Timothy. 2013. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology After the End of the World. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
  46. Nihart, A.J., M.A. Garcia, E. El Hayek, R. Lui, M. Olewine, J. Kingston, E.F. Castillo, R.R. Gullapalli, T. Howard, B. Bleske, J. Scott, J. Gonzalez-Estrella, J.M. Gross, M. Spilde, N.L. Adolphi, D.F. Gallego, H.S. Jarrell, G. Dvorscak, M.E. Zuluaga-Ruiz, A.B. West and M.J. Campen. 2025. ‘Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains’. Nature Medicine 31: 1114–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1
  47. O’Brien, S., C. Rauert, F. Ribeiro, E. Okoffo, S. Burrows, J. O’Brien, X.Wang, S. Wright and K. Thomas. 2023. ‘There’s something in the air: A review of sources, prevalence and behaviour of microplastics in the atmosphere’. Science of the Total Environment 874 (162193). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162193
  48. Pathak, Gauri. 2020. ‘Permeable persons and plastic packaging in India: From biomoral substance exchange to chemotoxic transmission’. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 26 (4): 751–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.13365
  49. Pathak, Gauri. 2023. ‘“Plastic pollution” and plastics as pollution in Mumbai, India’. Ethnos 81 (1): 167–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2020.1839116
  50. Pathak, Gauri, Mark Nichter, Anita Hardon, Eileen Moyer, Aarti Latkar, Joseph Simbaya, Diana Pakasi, Efenita Taqueban and Jessica Love. 2023. ‘Plastic pollution and the open burning of plastic wastes’. Global Environmental Change 80 (10264): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102648
  51. Peng, X., M. Chen, S. Chen, S. Dasgupta, H. Xu, K. Ta, M. Du, J. Li, Z. Guo and S. Bai. 2018. ‘Microplastics contaminate the deepest part of the world’s ocean’. Geochemical Perspectives Letters 9: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1829
  52. Rangel-Buitrago, Nelson, William Neal and Allan Williams. 2022. ‘The Plasticene: Time and rocks’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 185 (114358): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114358
  53. Reichhardt, Björn and Saskia Abrahms-Kavunenko. 2022. ‘Plastic purity and sacred dairy: Microbes, vitality and standardisation in Mongolian dairying’. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 40 (1). https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v40i1.6556
  54. Rubin, E. 2008. Synthetic Socialism: Plastics and Dictatorship in the German Democratic Republic. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
  55. Ruddiman, William, Eric Ellis, Jed O’Kaplan and Dorian Fuller. 2015. ‘Defining the epoch we live in: Is a formally designated ‘Anthropocene’ a good idea?’ Science 348 (6230): 38–39. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa7297
  56. Schlehe, Judith and Yulianto Vissia Ita. 2020. ‘An anthropology of waste: Morality and social mobilisation in Java’. Indonesia and the Malay World 48 (140): 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1654225
  57. Stager, Curt. 2011. Deep Future: The Next 100,000 Years of Life on Earth. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
  58. Steffen, Will, Wendy Broadgate, Lisa Deutsch, Owen Gaffney and Cornelia Ludwig. 2015. ‘The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration’. The Anthropocene Review 2 (1): 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785
  59. Steger, Brigitte. 2021. ‘“Stingy, stingy, stingy government”: Mixed responses to the introduction of the plastic carrier bag levy in Japan’. Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5334/wwwj.76
  60. UN Environment Report. 2018a. Single use plastics: A roadmap for sustainability. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.reloopplatform.org/unep-report-on- single-use- plastics/ (accessed October 2020).
  61. UN Environment Report. 2018b. Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/ (Accessed October 2020).
  62. UNEP. 2021. Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics (accessed 30 September 2023).
  63. Utami, D.A., L. Reuning, L. Schwark et al. 2023. ‘Plastiglomerates from uncontrolled burning of plastic waste on Indonesian beaches contain high contents of organic pollutants’. Scientific Reports, Nature 13 (10383). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37594-z
  64. Vogt-Vincent, Noam, April Burt, David Kaplan, Satoshi Mitarai, Lindsay Turnbull and Helen Johnson. 2023. ‘Sources of marine debris for Seychelles and other remote islands in the Western Indian Ocean’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 187 (114497): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114497
  65. Westmont, V.C. 2020. ‘Faux materials and aspirational identity: Celluloid combs and working class dreams in the Pennsylvania anthracite region’. Journal of Material Culture 25 (1): 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183519858377
  66. Wirtz, Kristina. 2009. ‘Hazardous waste: The semiotics of ritual hygiene in Cuban popular religion’. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 15 (3): 476–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01569.x
  67. Witze, Alexandra. 2024. ‘It’s final: The Anthropocene is not an epoch, despite protest over vote’. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00868-1 (Accessed 25 March 2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00868-1
  68. Wu, Ka-ming. 2023. ‘Sipping tea, plastics performing: Representational and materialist politics of boba tea consumption in contemporary China’. International Journal of Asian Studies 20: 353–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479591422000328
  69. Wu, Ka-ming, Chris King-Chi Chan, Sin-Yuk Chan and Ka Wai Yung. 2023. ‘Plastic use in wet markets: A case of place-based sustainability education in Hong Kong’. The Journal of Sustainability Education, 27 March.
  70. Yang, Chun, Stuart Yaniger, Jordan Craig et al. 2011. ‘Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: A potential health problem that can be solved’. Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (7): 989–96. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003220
  71. Zalasiewicz, Jan, Colin N. Waters, Juliana A. Ivar do Sul, Patricia L. Corcoran, Anthony D. Barnosky, Alejandro Cearreta, Matt Edgeworth, Agnieszka Gałuszka, Catherine Jeandel, Reinhold Leinfelder, J.R. McNeill, Will Steffen, Colin Summerhayes, Michael Wagreich, Mark Williams, Alexander P. Wolfe and Yasmin Yonan 2016. ‘The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene’. Anthropocene 13: 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.01.002
  72. Zettler, Erik, Tracy Mincer and Linda Amaral-Zettler. 2013. ‘Life in the “plastisphere”: Microbial communities on plastic marine debris’. Environmental Science and Technology 47 (13). https://doi.org/10.1021/es401288x
  73. Zhang, Q., E.G. Xu, J. Li, Q. Chen, L. Ma, E.Y. Zeng and H. Shi. 2020. ‘A review of microplastics in table salt, drinking water, and air: Direct human exposure’. Environmental Science & Technology 54 (7): 3740–51. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04535